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Summer Toxins to Avoid with Your Pet避开夏日的宠物毒手

By Renee Schmid, DVM, DABVT, DABT; Ahna Brutlag, DVM, MS, DABT, DABVT

Summer is a great time to get outdoors and enjoy nature and the warm sunshine with your pet. Pets are inquisitive creatures and love to investigate their surroundings. Unfortunately, this trait can lead pets down the path of injury and illness. The following information will help you to avoid many summer dangers that can affect your pet. If you believe your pet ingested any item of concern, it is important to call your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline, a 24/7 animal poison control center, at 1-800-213-6680 right away to have the risk of poisoning assessed.

夏天是到户外和你的宠物一起享受大自然和温暖阳光的好时机。

很多宠物是好奇的宝宝，喜欢探索周围的环境。

不幸的是，这种特质会导致宠物宝宝们受伤和生病。

以下信息将帮助您避免夏季可能影响您的宠物的许多危险毒手。

如果你认为你的宠物摄入了任何值得关注的物品，重要的是打电话给你的兽医或宠物中毒帮助热线，一个24小时/7天的全天候动物中毒控制中心，（国内无）1-800-213-6680（国内无此热线）立即进行中毒风险评估。

Are mole and gopher baits safer than mouse and rat bait?

鼹鼠饵和地鼠饵比小鼠饵和大鼠饵安全吗?

No. Mole and gopher bait is generally much more toxic to your dog and cat than most mouse or rat baits. It usually only takes a very small amount of these baits to cause significant, and sometimes fatal effects, even in large dogs. Most of these baits contain zinc phosphide or bromethalin. There is no antidote available for either of these ingredients and both can lead to rapidly developing, life- threatening signs of poisoning. Zinc phosphide baits are most commonly found in a “peanut” (pellet) form. Mole and gopher baits that contain bromethalin are often found in a worm or grub form.

不。

鼹鼠饵和地鼠饵通常比大多数小鼠或大鼠饵对犬和猫的毒性更大。

通常只需要非常少量的这些诱饵就会造成严重的，有时甚至是致命的影响，即使是在大型犬身上。

这些诱饵大多含有磷化锌（zinc phosphide）或溴鼠胺（bromethalin）。

这两种成分都没有解毒剂，它们都可能导致迅速渐进性发展的，危及生命的中毒症状。

磷化锌诱饵最常见的形式是“花生”(颗粒)形的。

含有溴鼠胺的鼹鼠饵和地鼠饵通常以蠕虫或幼虫的形式存在。

What are the clinical signs of mole and gopher bait poisoning？鼹鼠饵和地鼠饵中毒的临床症状是什么?

When bait containing zinc phosphide is ingested, it undergoes a chemical reaction with stomach acid to create toxic phosphine gas. This toxic gas will then cause vomiting, cardiovascular abnormalities, neurologic signs, as well as possible respiratory disorders. If untreated, these signs may lead to death. Signs will develop very quickly, usually starting with vomiting and excessive drooling, followed by tremors, difficulty breathing and a distended abdomen (bloat). Phosphine gas can be toxic to humans as well, making it important to keep your pet in a well-ventilated area, preferably outside, if vomiting develops. If you pet vomits in the car on the way to the vet, roll down the windows to avoid potentially breathing in the phosphine gas.

当摄入含有磷化锌的诱饵时，它会与胃酸发生化学反应，产生有毒的磷化氢气体（toxic phosphine gas，PH3）。

然后，这种有毒气体会导致呕吐、心血管异常、神经系统症状，以及可能的呼吸系统疾病。

如果不及时治疗，这些症状可能导致死亡。

症状发展得很快，通常开始是呕吐和大量流口水，随后是震颤、呼吸困难和腹部膨大（胀气）。

磷化氢气体对人类也是有毒的，因此，如果出现呕吐，请将宠物放在通风良好的地方，最好是室外。

如果你的宠物在去看兽医的路上在车里呕吐，摇下车窗以避免吸入磷化氢气体。

Bromethalin is a neurotoxin, and if ingested, cerebral edema (swelling of the brain) may occur. Other signs that may develop if a toxic amount is ingested include: mental dullness, incoordination, tremors, paralysis, and seizures.

溴鼠胺（Bromethalin）是一种神经毒素，如果摄入，可能会发生脑水肿(脑肿胀)。

如果摄入过量，可能出现的其他症状包括:精神迟钝、不协调、震颤、轻瘫和抽搐发作。

How is mole and gopher bait poisoning treated?

鼹鼠饵和地鼠饵中毒如何治疗?

While there is no antidote available for either zinc phosphide or bromethalin, aggressive treatment is very important to ensure the best chance of survival for your pet. Inducing vomiting is typically the first step in treatment but should not be done at home unless specifically instructed to do so by your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline. Unfortunately, there is no safe way to induce vomiting in cats at home.

虽然磷化锌或溴鼠胺都没有解毒剂，但积极的治疗对于确保宠物的最佳生存机会非常重要。

诱导呕吐/催吐通常是治疗的第一步，但不应该在家里进行，除非你的兽医或宠物中毒热线特别指示这样做。

不幸的是，没有安全的方法在家里诱导猫的呕吐。

If vomiting cannot safely be induced, or if it has already happened, the next step may be administration of activated charcoal by your pet’s veterinarian to help minimize the amount of toxin absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. If zinc phosphide is ingested, pets will need to be monitored closely by your veterinarian for any stomach upset, bloat, cardiovascular abnormalities, neurologic signs, and respiratory distress. If bromethalin was ingested, multiple doses of activated charcoal and monitoring for the development of neurological abnormalities are needed. The pet should be hospitalized during monitoring.

如果不能安全地诱导呕吐，或者已经发生了呕吐，下一步可能是由宠物的兽医给它摄入活性炭，以帮助减少从胃肠道吸收的毒素的量。

如果摄入了磷化锌，兽医需要密切监测宠物是否有胃部不适、腹胀、心血管异常、神经系统症状和呼吸窘迫。

如果摄入溴鼠胺，则需要摄入更多次剂量的活性炭，并监测神经症状的发展。

在监测期间，宠物应住院。

How do snail and slug baits affect dogs and cats?

蜗牛诱饵和蛞蝓诱饵对犬和猫有什么影响?

Some snail and slug baits are extremely poisonous to dogs and cats. They can contain metaldehyde or forms of iron and are typically available as pellets or granules. Metaldehyde poisoning causes clinical signs that have earned the name “shake and bake” due to the extreme tremors, seizures and high body temperatures that result. Other signs of poisoning include drooling, restlessness, vomiting, and difficulty walking. Treatment consists of intensive veterinary care, including treatment of tremors and seizures, temperature regulation, as well as supportive care to minimize prolonged signs. The iron-based baits tend to be safer than metaldehyde bait, but they can still cause stomach upset. Large exposures to iron-based baits can lead to iron toxicity which can cause signs such as your pet vomiting blood or having bloody diarrhea, cardiovascular effects, and liver failure. Treatment may include decontamination, medications to support the gastrointestinal tract, blood work monitoring, and potentially antidotal chelation therapy to lower concentrations of iron in the bloodstream.

一些蜗牛和蛞蝓的诱饵对犬和猫来说是剧毒的。

它们可以含有多聚乙醛（metaldehyde）或铁的多种形式，通常以微球或颗粒的形式提供。

多聚乙醛中毒导致的临床症状被称为“颤抖和烘烤 shake and bake ”，因为它会导致剧烈的震颤、抽搐发作和体温升高。

中毒的其他症状包括流口水、不安、呕吐和行走困难。

治疗包括重症兽医护理，包括治疗震颤和抽出发作、调节体温，以及支持性护理，以尽量减少过久的症状。

铁基诱饵往往比多聚乙醛诱饵更安全，但它们仍然会引起胃部不适。

大量接触含铁诱饵会导致铁中毒，这会导致你的宠物出现吐血或血性腹泻、心血管疾病和肝功能衰竭等症状。

治疗可能包括脱毒、支持胃肠道的药物、血液检查监测和潜在的解毒剂螯合治疗，以降低血液中的铁浓度。

Are compost bins dangerous to dogs and cats?

堆肥箱对犬猫有危险吗?

Composting is great when done appropriately. Your compost should always be fenced off to keep pets and wildlife safe. These piles of decomposing and decaying organic matter have the potential to grow a mold called Penicillium crustosum which produces a tremor causing toxin called Penitrem A. Such toxins are referred to as “tremorgenic mycotoxins” and are toxic to both dogs and cats, as well as people and wildlife.

如果处理得当，堆肥是很棒的。

你的堆肥应该总是用栅栏隔开，以保护宠物和野生动物的安全。

这些成堆的分解和腐烂的有机物质有可能生长出一种叫做壳青霉/皮落青霉（Penicillium crustosum）的霉菌，这种霉菌会产生一种引起震颤的毒素，这种毒素被称为“震颤源性/致震颤性真菌毒素 tremorgenic mycotoxins”，对犬猫、人和野生动物都有毒。

What clinical signs occur with moldy food poisoning and how are they treated?

发霉性食物中毒有什么临床症状?如何治疗?

Eating even small amounts of moldy food containing tremorgenic mycotoxins can result in the development of clinical signs within only 30 minutes of ingestion. These signs include agitation, elevated temperature, panting, drooling, vomiting, hyper-responsiveness, and tremors which can lead to serious neurologic abnormalities including seizures.

即使食用少量含有震颤性真菌毒素的发霉食物，也可在摄入后30分钟内出现临床症状。

这些症状包括躁动、体温升高、喘气、流口水、呕吐、过度反应性和震颤，这些症状可导致包括抽搐发作在内的严重神经系统异常。

Prompt decontamination includes inducing vomiting and giving activated charcoal. These should only done if the pet is not showing signs of poisoning. Once signs develop, vomiting should NOT be induced and intensive supportive care with a veterinarian is necessary to minimize the severity of clinical signs.

迅速净化/脱毒包括诱导呕吐/催吐和给予活性炭。

只有在宠物没有出现严重中毒症状的情况下才应该这样做。（意识不清，吞咽不良时，催吐容易引起呛咳甚至窒息！）

一旦出现症状，则不应进行诱导呕吐/催吐，并有必要与兽医进行重症支持性护理，以尽量减少临床症状的严重程度。

Are there garden vegetable plants that are not safe for dogs and cats?

有没有对犬猫不安全的蔬菜?

For some people, one of the greatest enjoyments of the summertime is working in the garden and enjoying the rewards of their hard work when harvest arrives. However, there are plants and human foods that can be toxic to dogs and cats. These include:

对一些人来说，夏天最大的乐趣之一就是在花园里干活，享受丰收时辛勤劳动的回报。

然而，有些植物和人类食物可能对犬猫有毒。

这些包括:

Tomato plants (the unripe fruit), which cause gastrointestinal irritation, incoordination, and weakness

Rhubarb leaves, which cause kidney failure in large doses

Onions and garlic, which result in red blood cell destruction and anemia

Grapes or raisins, which cause acute kidney failure

番茄植物(未成熟的果实)，会引起胃肠道刺激、不协调和虚弱

大黄的叶子，大剂量会导致肾衰竭

洋葱和大蒜，导致红细胞破坏和贫血

葡萄或葡萄干，会导致急性肾衰竭

If any of the above plants or foods are ingested, it is important to seek veterinary care right away to determine the treatment needed for your pet.

如果你的宠物摄入了上述植物或食物中的任何一种，你必须立即寻求兽医的帮助，以确定你的宠物需要接受何种治疗。

Are wild mushrooms safe for dogs and cats?

野生蘑菇对犬猫安全吗?

There are many mushrooms that are non-toxic. However, there are also mushrooms that can cause gastrointestinal irritation, neurologic abnormalities, and liver failure. Identifying mushrooms can be very difficult, and it is important to seek veterinary care for your pet right away if any wild mushroom is ingested. Mushrooms purchased at a grocery store for human consumption are not expected to be a concern in pets.

有许多蘑菇是无毒的。

然而，也有蘑菇会引起胃肠道刺激、神经系统异常和肝功能衰竭。

（野外）识别蘑菇是非常困难的，如果你的宠物摄入了任何的野生蘑菇，马上找兽医治疗是很重要的。

在杂货店购买的供人类食用的蘑菇预计一般不会对宠物造成影响。

My pet loves to chew on mulch. Is there anything to worry about with this?

我的宠物喜欢啃地膜。这有什么需要担心的吗?

Many mulch products pose a foreign body and obstruction risk if ingested. Cocoa bean mulch may cause an additional problem due to the methylxanthine (theobromine and caffeine) content. Methylxanthines, in high enough doses, can cause vomiting, diarrhea, agitation, incoordination, tremors, elevated heart rate, elevated blood pressure and seizures. Early and aggressive veterinary care is important to minimize the severity of poisoning.

许多地膜产品在摄入后会造成异物和阻塞风险。

可可豆地膜可能会因为含有甲基黄嘌呤（methylxanthine）(可可碱 theobromine 和咖啡因 caffeine)而引起额外的问题。

甲基黄嘌呤如果剂量足够大，会导致呕吐、腹泻、躁动、身体不协调、震颤、心率加快、血压升高和抽搐发作。

早期和积极的兽医护理对于尽量减少中毒的严重程度很重要。

Are there outdoor chemicals to be concerned with in the summer?

夏天有室外化学物质需要关注吗?

Many people use fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides throughout the summer months. All of these may pose a health risk to dogs and cats.

许多人在整个夏季可能会使用化肥、除草剂和杀虫剂。

所有这些都可能对犬猫的健康构成威胁。

Gastrointestinal upset is very common with fertilizer ingestion. Fertilizers that contain iron can result in significant health concerns if a large enough amount is ingested. Fertilizers can also contain bone, blood, or feather meal, which pets find to be very tasty. Ingestion of these types of fertilizers can lead to stomach upset and potentially pancreatitis. If the product is moldy, there is the potential for your pet to develop neurologic signs, just like with ingestion of compost.

肠胃不适是很常见的肥料摄入之后的症状。

含铁肥料，如果摄入过多的铁，会导致严重的健康问题。

肥料也可以含有骨头，血液，或羽毛粉（feather meal），宠物发现非常美味。

摄入这些类型的肥料会导致胃部不适，并可能导致胰腺炎。

如果产品发霉了，你的宠物就有可能出现神经系统症状，就像摄入堆肥一样。

Herbicides rarely cause concerns other than mild gastrointestinal upset when used and applied according to the label directions, provided pets have been kept off the treated surfaces until the applied areas have been allowed to dry completely.

在按照标签说明使用和施用除草剂时，除了轻微的肠胃不适外，很少会引起其他问题，

前提是在施用区域完全干燥之前，不要让宠物靠近处理过的表面。

While pesticides are much safer than they were 30 years ago, there are still some ingredients that may be more problematic than others. The majority of pesticides will cause vomiting and diarrhea; however, in large doses, certain ingredients can result in more significant problems including neurologic abnormalities. Some of the more problematic pesticides can include ingredients such as bifenthrin, carbamates (aldicarb, carbaryl, methomyl), and organophosphates (acephate, disulfoton).

虽然杀虫剂比30年前的要安全得多，但仍有一些成分可能比其他成分更有问题。

大多数农药会引起呕吐和腹泻;然而，在大剂量下，某些成分会导致更严重的问题，包括神经系统异常。

一些更有问题的农药可能包括联苯菊酯 bifenthrin、氨基甲酸盐 carbamates     (涕灭威/丁醛肟威 aldicarb、     西维因/胺甲萘/甲萘威/加保利 carbaryl，     灭多虫/灭多威 methomyl)和有机磷 organophosphates     (乙酰甲胺磷/高灭磷/多灭灵/脱麦隆/甲胺磷精胺/杀螨隆 acephate、     乙拌磷/二硫松/敌死通 disulfoton )等成分。

Due to the vast number of products available for lawn and pest control and the potential for harm to your pet, it is recommended to contact Pet Poison Helpline or your veterinarian to determine if your pet is in need of treatment.

由于有大量的产品可用于草坪和害虫控制，并且可能对您的宠物造成伤害，建议您联系宠物中毒热线或您的兽医，以确定您的宠物是否需要治疗。

Are blue green algae really a problem for my pet?

蓝绿藻真的对我的宠物造成问题吗?

Blue green algae are actually bacteria that can be found in fresh or brackish bodies of stagnant water and they typically thrive in the warm summer months. While lakes are a common source for blue green algae, they are also found along streams and riverbanks. Typically, these algal blooms are seen in any body of water with excess nutrients from fertilizer/manure run off . Blue green algal blooms have the appearance of a green, blue green, rusty, or brown film or mat collecting on the water’s edge. Blue green algae can produce various toxins that can affect your pet’s central nervous system, skin, and liver. If your pet is exposed to blue green algae by swimming in, or drinking contaminated water, they can become quite ill. Signs associated with exposure to blue green algae can develop quickly and include stomach upset, weakness, red skin, blister formation, tremors, seizures, coma, yellow skin or eyes, bleeding abnormalities, difficulty breathing, and even death.

蓝绿藻（Blue green algae）实际上是一种细菌（bacteria），可以在新鲜或微含盐的死水中找到，它们通常在温暖的夏季茁壮成长。

虽然湖泊是蓝绿藻的常见来源，但它们也在溪流和河岸有发现。

通常，这些藻华（algal blooms）出现在任何从肥料/粪肥中流失的多余营养物质的水体中。

蓝绿色藻华的外观为绿色、蓝绿色、铁锈色或棕色的薄膜或簇状聚集在水边。

蓝藻会产生各种毒素，影响宠物的中枢神经系统、皮肤和肝脏。

如果你的宠物通过游泳或饮用受污染的水而接触到蓝藻，它们可能会患上严重疾病。

与接触蓝藻有关的症状可能会迅速发展，包括胃部不适、无力、皮肤发红、水疱形成、颤抖、抽搐发作、昏迷、皮肤或眼睛发黄、出血异常、呼吸困难，甚至死亡。

Before you let your pet go near a body of water, take a few minutes to do some investigating. Blue green algae are present throughout the United States and its occurrence is not only limited to summer months. Most states have blue green algae bloom maps during the summer due to its higher prevalence in warmer months. If there is a blue green algae bloom in the area, signs are often posted near the water. If your pet does get into water that may contain blue green algae, rinse your pet thoroughly with fresh water as soon as possible, rinse out their mouth, and contact your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline.

在你让你的宠物靠近水体之前，花几分钟做一些调查。

蓝绿藻在美国随处可见，而且不仅限于夏季。

大多数州在夏季都有蓝绿藻爆发地图，因为它在温暖的月份更普遍。

如果该地区出现蓝绿藻爆发，通常会在水边张贴标志。

如果你的宠物确实进入了可能含有蓝绿藻的水中，请尽快用淡水彻底冲洗你的宠物，冲洗它们的嘴，并联系你的兽医或宠物中毒求助热线。

Pet Poison Helpline, an animal poison control center based out of Minneapolis, MN is available 24/7 for pet owners and veterinary professionals that require assistance treating a potentially poisoned pet. The staff provides treatment advice for poisoning cases of all species, including dogs, cats, birds, small mammals, large animals and exotic species. As the most cost-effective option for animal poison control care, Pet Poison Helpline’s per incident fee includes follow-up consultations for the duration of the poison case. Pet Poison Helpline is available in North America by calling 800-213-6680. Additional information can be found online at 

宠物中毒求助热线（Pet Poison Helpline）是一家位于明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的动物中毒控制中心，全天候为宠物主人和兽医专业人员提供帮助，帮助他们治疗可能中毒的宠物。

所有动物中毒个案，包括犬、猫、鸟、小型哺乳动物、大型动物及异宠，均可获提供治疗建议。

作为动物中毒控制护理最具成本效益的选择，宠物中毒热线的每次事件费用包括中毒案件期间的后续咨询。

宠物中毒帮助热线在北美可拨打800-213-6680。更多信息可以在网站上找到。

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